Cataract surgery: What to expect before, during and after

Cataract surgery is one of the most common surgeries in the U.S. It’s also one of the oldest procedures still being performed today.

Ancient Egyptians used a surgical technique known as “couching,” in which a sharp needle was used to slide the cloudy lens out of the field of vision and into the vitreous cavity in the back of the eye. Later, the Romans used a method called “needling” to slice up the cataract into pieces small enough to be reabsorbed. While both procedures improved vision, they couldn’t provide completely clear sight because they didn’t replace the lens.

Take Harvard’s Cataracts and Other Conditions of the Aging Eye Online Course In this Online Course, Harvard experts explain how to recognize the risk factors and symptoms of glaucoma, AMD (age-related macular degeneration), and diabetic retinopathy. You’ll also learn about steps you can take to prevent or treat these conditions before your vision deteriorates. As we age, vision issues crop up. Cataracts are the most common; they affect everyone. But how much do you know about cataracts? Which treatments work? This interactive online course goes into detail on cataracts — but also on a wide range of other conditions that touch the aging eye.   SHOW ME MORE →

That breakthrough didn’t come until the 1940s, when English ophthalmologist Harold Ridley invented the intraocular lens.

Today’s cataract surgery

Unlike the surgeries of antiquity, today’s cataract surgery uses small incisions and suction to remove the cloudy lens, and then replace it with an artificial plastic lens.

Lens extraction is done using one of two procedures: phacoemulsification or extracapsular surgery. After your cloudy lens is removed, it will be replaced with an implanted clear artificial lens called an intraocular lens (IOL). Your eye doctor will select a lens with appropriate focusing power based on measurements of the eye that were made before surgery, as well as discussion of your lifestyle needs.

What to expect on cataract surgery day

Cataract surgery is typically performed as an outpatient procedure. You’ll most likely spend two to three hours at the surgical facility. The procedure itself usually lasts less than half an hour.

You will be awake, but you may receive a sedative intravenously to relax you. You’ll get local anesthesia to prevent block pain. Operating room staff will apply various drops to the eye before and after the surgery, according to the doctor’s orders.

Afterward, the surgeon may cover the eye with a bandage or shield, which you can remove later that day or on the following day. You will rest in the recovery area for about 30 minutes, and then will receive instructions on how to care for your eye. Once you’re ready to go home, someone will need to drive you.

Recovery at home after cataract surgery

You will see your ophthalmologist for several postoperative visits—typically one day, one week, one month, two months, and six months after surgery. At each appointment, the doctor will examine your eye, test your visual acuity, and measure your eye pressure.

After your surgery, you will apply prescription antibiotic and anti-inflammatory eyedrops several times a day to prevent infection and reduce inflammation. For about a week after surgery, you’ll wear an eye shield to protect your eye while you sleep. Wear sunglasses outside per your doctor’s recommendation.

To learn more about cataracts and surgery options, read Clearing the fog of
cataracts, a Special Health Report from Harvard Medical School.

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Healthy lifestyle habits

Americans are far less healthy than they could be. Six out of every 10 Americans live with at least one chronic disease such as like heart disease, cancer, stroke, and diabetes. These diseases are responsible for seven out of every 10 deaths in the United States — and yet they are largely preventable.

Get your copy of Self-Care Self-Care Special Health Report is your guide to “lifestyle medicine” — an evidence-based approach to disease prevention and treatment that helps you focus on adopting and sticking with healthy habits you can live with. Learn the importance of getting restorative sleep. Having a positive attitude. Being resilient in the face of stressful situations. Getting “unstuck” when the going gets rough. Having maximum energy for every day. Enjoying quality connections. And living a fulfilling life purpose.   SHOW ME MORE →

Researchers analyzed data from the CDC and two long-term population studies — the Nurses’ Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study — and found that people who practiced five specific lifestyle habits dramatically reduced their risks of heart disease and cancer, compared with those who did none of these things.

Those lifestyle habits are:

• eating a diet high in fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and unsaturated fatty acids, and low in red and processed meats, sugary drinks, trans fats, and sodium
• not smoking
• getting at least 3.5 hours of moderate-to vigorous physical activity each week
• drinking only moderate amounts of alcohol (no more than one drink per day for women, and two drinks or less per day for men)
• maintaining a healthy body weight and waist size

How effective are these measures? The researchers found that practicing all five habits from age 50 onward extended life by more than a decade compared with practicing none of them. Women who didn’t adopt any of the habits lived on average to age 79, while those who did all five lived to 93. Similarly, men who did not practice these five habits lived to 75 on average, while those that did lived to nearly 88.

For more information on self-care practices, check out
Self-Care , a Special Health Report from Harvard Medical School.

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In Better Bladder and Bowel Control, a Special Health Report from Harvard Medical School, you will be briefed on the most recent advances in helping men and women who sometime, or often, face bladder or bowel control problems. You will learn about the causes and, most important, about the corrective measures you can take to manage and lessen the symptoms of incontinence.

The report will candidly and comprehensively show you how new treatments, therapies, and procedures are significantly improving continence and brightening lives.

You will read about medications that can cause urinary incontinence — and medications that can curb it. You’ll find out about simple lifestyle changes that can make a gratifying difference for people suffering from stress incontinence or an overactive bladder. And you’ll be updated on effective new outpatient procedures that are replacing traditional surgeries.

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Social anxiety disorder: Treatments and tips for managing this challenging condition

Many of us experience social anxiety from time to time, such as feeling uneasy before attending a cocktail party, or having “butterflies” before a presentation at work. It is normal to feel shy, nervous, or anxious in situations where we are outside of our comfort zone. But when this social anxiousness causes intense distress and starts to impact daily life, it could be indicative of a common condition called social anxiety disorder.

Get your copy of Anxiety and Phobias Everyone worries or gets scared sometimes. But if you feel extremely worried or afraid much of the time, or if you repeatedly feel panicky, you may have an anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorders are among the most common mental illnesses, affecting roughly 40 million American adults each year. This Special Health Report, Anxiety and Stress Disorders, discusses the latest and most effective treatment approaches, including cognitive behavioral therapies, psychotherapy, and medications. A special section delves into alternative treatments for anxiety, such as relaxation techniques, mindfulness meditation, and biofeedback.   SHOW ME MORE →

What is social anxiety disorder?

Social anxiety disorder (SAD), also called social phobia, is a common mental health disorder that is estimated to affect up to 7% of adults in the US every year. SAD is characterized by an extreme fear of social situations, from giving performances or speeches to attending a party. Those who suffer from SAD fear they will be scrutinized and humiliated by other people. This fear causes intense distress and can keep those affected from doing things they want to
do.

Symptoms of social anxiety disorder

The main symptom of social anxiety disorder is an extreme fear of being scrutinized or embarrassed by other people. The fear is so great that it can cause a person to avoid social settings altogether.

There are also physical symptoms of anxiety that may accompany the fear. For example:

• feeling sweaty
• blushing
• having a rapid heartbeat
• trembling
• nausea
• feeling short of breath.

There are two types of social anxiety disorder. Most people with SAD have generalized social anxiety, meaning they fear all social situations, such as meetings or parties. In people with SAD, discomfort with social situations usually begins during the childhood or teenage years. Symptoms typically get worse over time. Symptoms of social anxiety disorder, as opposed to normal everyday nervousness, are constant and severe. This stress starts to affect relationships,
jobs, daily routines, and overall quality of life.

Another type of SAD, performance-only social anxiety, is much less common. People with performance anxiety only fear times when they are the center of attention, such as giving a speech or a performance. Performance anxiety is not as impairing as generalized social anxiety and starts later in life.

Causes and risk factors

Social anxiety disorder is thought to be caused by both biological and environmental factors: an influence of both nature and nurture. Scientists believe SAD develops in response to a complex interaction of neural factors (meaning what’s going on in the brain and nervous system), as well as psychosocial factors — the influence of life events, thoughts, and behaviors.

Causes of SAD related to the brain and nervous system include:

• a hyperactive nervous system. This means even small emotional triggers can result in the release of cortisol, a stress hormone in the body.
• decreased amounts of serotonin (a hormone involved in controlling mood) in the brain
• abnormal levels of glutamate and oxytocin in the brain. These hormones control how you respond in social settings and the intensity of anxiety symptoms.
• increased sensitivity in areas of the brain that control mood and emotion.

Psychosocial causes of SAD include early childhood trauma, such as a history of abuse and neglect, and childhood teasing. Overprotective and hypercritical parenting styles have also been associated with the disorder. These events influence how you interact with others and respond in social situations.

Other risk factors for development of social anxiety disorder include:

• female sex
• family history of social anxiety disorder
• shy personality
• demonstrating intense fear of new people and withdrawal from new situations during childhood.

How is social anxiety disorder diagnosed?

Your doctor can help distinguish social phobia from other anxiety disorders. He or she uses certain criteria to make the diagnosis. You may be diagnosed with social anxiety disorder if you:

• have extreme fear of social interactions (such as having a conversation, attending a party, or meeting new people), being observed (such as while eating or drinking), or performing in front of people (such as giving a speech)
• worry about being judged, embarrassed, or humiliated by other people
• avoid social situations because of your fear and anxiety
• feel that your social anxiety hinders your social and personal life.

These symptoms must be present for at least six months in order to be diagnosed with the condition.

If you are concerned you may have SAD, talk with your doctor. Because people who suffer from SAD are at increased risk of developing depression and other mental health problems, proper diagnosis and treatment are important.

Treatment options

The two most common treatment approaches for social anxiety disorder are cognitive behavioral therapy and prescription medications.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a type of psychotherapy, is a first-line treatment for SAD. Trained professionals help you understand your triggers and learn coping strategies. The goal of CBT is to challenge your negative thoughts and learn behaviorial strategies to overcome them.

CBT can be done in an individual or group setting. Most people start with a weekly session and gradually decrease the frequency. Once your symptoms are well controlled, attending two to four sessions per year is recommended to prevent relapse.

Medications

Your doctor may prescribe medications to use alone or in combination with CBT. Antidepressants are usually prescribed first for social anxiety disorder. Even in people who do not have depression, these medications can help with symptoms of anxiety. The two most prescribed antidepressant drug classes are:

• selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as paroxetine (Paxil) and sertraline (Zoloft)
• serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), such as venlafaxine (Effexor).

These medications help normalize the levels of hormones in the brain that contribute to SAD. It may take up to three months of treatment before you notice the full effect of these medications on your symptoms, but you should begin to notice some benefit before then.

If you suffer from performance anxiety, your doctor may prescribe an anti-anxiety medication to use on an as-needed basis, such as before you give a presentation. These include:

• beta blockers such as propranolol (Inderal)
• benzodiazepines such as clonazepam (Klonopin) and lorazepam (Ativan).

These medications provide short-term relief by slowing the heart rate and calming the nervous system, and can be taken as needed before an anxiety-producing situation.

Complementary strategies

Self-help techniques can be used to complement other treatments. Many of these measures are easy to implement and may provide benefits beyond building social confidence.

• Practice mindfulness. Mindfulness refers to the practice of being present without judgement. When you are mindful, you are aware of your surroundings and emotions but do not react to them. Research shows that mindfulness can improve symptoms of SAD and overall quality of life.
• Treat sleep problems. Studies have shown that people who suffer from social anxiety disorder have higher rates of sleep problems. Poor sleep is linked to worsening anxiety and may increase social avoidance over time. Consider creating a relaxing sleep routine and avoiding screen time later in the day to improve the quality of your sleep.
• Exercise. Regular exercise can help improve anxiety symptoms. Research suggests aerobic exercise is even more beneficial for social phobia when combined with CBT.
• Avoid or minimize alcohol and caffeine intake. Many people use alcohol as a way to lessen their social anxiety, but alcohol has been shown to worsen anxiety in the long run. Similarly, caffeine can cause or worsen anxiety, especially at higher doses.
• Find a support group. Talking through your fears and hearing the experiences of others can help to validate your emotions and reduce social isolation. It may also help enhance your coping skills as you practice vulnerability in a social setting. The Anxiety and Depression Association of America (ADAA) provides a list of virtual and in-person support groups, including one for individuals with social anxiety.

For more on diagnosing and treating anxiety and phobias, check out Coping with Anxiety and
Stress Disorders, a Special Health Report from Harvard Medical School.

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